Background: Emerging evidence during the last two decades supports a pivotal role of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). Standard immunosuppressive agents are often ...

Background Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease, characterized by multisystemic organ involvement and with a broad spectrum of clinical and laboratory manifestations.

Correspondence to Dr Tristan Maerz, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; tmaerz{at}med.umich.edu Objectives Synovium is acutely affected following joint ...

Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin and Department of Rheumatology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Dr B F Hoyer, Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin and Department of ...

Background: Underexcretion of uric acid is the dominant mechanism leading to hyperuricemia [1] and the 24-hour urinary uric acid excretion is an important measurement. However, it is inconvenient due ...

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease associated with changes in the articular cartilage and bone, severely affecting patients’ mobility and quality of life. Multiple factors ...

Objectives To determine if disease duration and number of prior disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) affect response to therapy in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Correspondence to Professor Annette van der Helm-van Mil, Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; A.H.M.van_der_Helm{at}lumc.nl Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is ...

Background: Glucocorticoids (GC) are the cornerstone of the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA), but they are associated with several adverse events (AEs).

1 University of Science and Technology of China, Rheumatology and Immunology, Hefei, China 2 Bengbu Medical University, Rheumatology and Immunology, Bengbu, China Background: The past decade has ...